![]() Petersburg, defined the situation well-although misinterpreting the empress's expansionist policy as mere anti-Gallicanism-when he wrote:“The Russian ministers are in general Anti-Gallicans and have, since the exit of Count Panin, sought to divide or lessen the enemies of Great Britain. Dana, who made few enough acute observations while in St. It should be added that Cresson's only reference point for Russian history is Kasimierz Waliszewski, an émigré Pole.Ĩ9. 223),“bewildering feminine deviations“ (p. P., whose Francis Dana: A Puritan Diplomat at the Court of Catherine the Great ( New York, 1930) Google Scholar accounts for Russian foreign policy by“favoritism and blackmail” (p. Attracted by such abstract and ephemeral prospects of glory, she ignored her real eastern interests sufficiently to attempt another European peace.” The reproach might apply to Panin, but not to the empress once the chance for a joint Austro-Russian division of the Ottoman Empire seemed imminent. A successful mediation between the western maritime belligerents might bring her the prestige of protector of all Europe. 179 Google Scholar):“It would have been the Empress's best policy to allow France and England, natural defenders of the Turks, to bleed themselves white while she matured her undisguised projects for the domination of Constantinople…. F., the foremost diplomatic historian of the American Revolution, is incorrect when he stresses Catherine's vanity as overriding Russian national interests (The Diplomacy of the American Revolution, p. 1 (1954), and“Wie ist Panins Plan zu einem Nordischen System entstanden?,” in Zeitschrift fiir Slavistik, vol. ![]() Rahbek-Schmidt:“The Treaty of Commerce Between Great Britain and Russia, 1766: A Study in the Development of Count Panin's Northern System,” in Scandoslavica, vol. 2, 3, 4, and 6 (1889-92) see also Brandt, Otto, Caspar von Saldern und die nordeuropäische Politik im Zeitalter Katharines II ( Erlangen and Kiel, 1932) Google Scholar, and two articles by K. Jahrhunderts,” in Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschajt, vols. More satisfactory in dealing with the Northern System is Fritz Arnheim's“Beiträge zur Geschichte der nordischen Frage in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Sevemaia Sistema ( Moscow, 1914) Google Scholar, which effectively refutes Chechulin's work, but which in turn is highly colored by an anti-Prussian bias. Petersburg, 1896) Google Scholar must be used with extreme caution, as must Aleksandrov's, P. Vneshniaia politika Rossii v nachale tsarstvovaniia Ekateriny II ( St.
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